HWEP

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is expected in a panmictic population. The following formulation is a likelihood ratio test statistic that incorporates the genotype uncertainty via genotype likelihoods. $P(R_{k}|{\textbf {p}})$ is the probability of observing the reads for individual $k$ assuming that a locus observes HWE. $P(R_{k}|{\textbf {g}})$ is the probability of observing the reads for individual $k$ assuming that a locus does not observe HWE. $G_{i,j}$ denotes the genotype composed of alleles $i$ and $j$ . $k$ indexes the individuals from $1$ to $N$ . $P(R_{k}|G_{i,j})$ is the genotype likelihood. $P(G_{i,j}|{\textbf {p}})$ and $P(G_{i,j}|{\textbf {g}})$ are the genotype frequencies estimated with and without HWE assumption respectively.

${\begin{aligned}L(R|g)&=&{\frac {\prod _{k}{P(R_{k}|{\textbf {p}})}}{\prod _{k}{P(R_{k}|{\textbf {g}})}}}\\&=&{\frac {\prod _{k}{\sum _{i,j}{P(R_{k},G_{i,j}|{\textbf {p}})}}}{\prod _{k}{\sum _{i,j}{P(R_{k},G_{i,j}|{\textbf {g}})}}}}\\&=&{\frac {\prod _{k}{\sum _{i,j}{P(R_{k}|G_{i,j})P(G_{i,j}|{\textbf {p}})}}}{\prod _{k}{\sum _{i,j}{P(R_{k}|G_{i,j})P(G_{i,j}|{\textbf {g}})}}}}\\\end{aligned}}$

The likelihood ratio test statistic is as follows with $v$ degrees of freedom where $n$ is the number of alleles.

${\begin{aligned}-2logL(R|g)\sim X_{v}^{2},v={\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}\end{aligned}}$

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