SeqShop: Sequence Mapping and Assembly Practical, June 2014

Introduction

See the introductory slides for an intro to this tutorial.

Goals of This Session

• What we want to learn
  • Basic sequence data file formats (FASTQ, BAM)
  •  How to generate aligned sequences that are ready for variant calling from raw sequence reads
  •  How to evaluate the quality of sequence data
  •  How to visualize sequence data to examine the reads aligned to particular genomic positions

Login to the seqshop-server Linux Machine

This section will appear redundantly in each session. If you are already logged in or know how to log in to the server, please skip this section

1. Login to the windows machine
• The username/password for the Windows machine should be written on the right-hand monitor
2. Start xming so you can open external windows on our Linux machine
• Start->Enter "Xming" in the search and select "Xming" from the program list
• Nothing will happen, but Xming was started.
View Screenshot



3. Open putty
• Start->Enter "putty" in the search and select "PuTTY" from the program list
View Screenshot



4. Configure PuTTY in the PuTTY Configuration window
• Host Name: seqshop-server.sph.umich.edu
View Screenshot



• Setup to allow you to open external windows:
• In the left pannel: Connection->SSH->X11
• Add a check mark in the box next to Enable X11 forwarding
View Screenshot



• Click Open
• If it prompts about a key, click OK
5. Enter your provided username & password as provided

You should now be logged into a terminal on the seqshop-server and be able to access the test files.

• If you need another terminal, repeat from step 3.

Login to the seqshop Machine

So you can each run multiple jobs at once, we will have you run on 4 different machines within our seqshop setup.

• You can only access these machines after logging onto seqshop-server

3 users logon to:

ssh -X seqshop1

3 users logon to:

ssh -X seqshop2

2 users logon to:

ssh -X seqshop3

2 users logon to:

ssh -X seqshop4

Setup your run environment

This will setup some environment variables to point you to

• GotCloud program
• Tutorial input files
• Setup an output directory

source /home/mktrost/seqshop/setup.txt

• You won't see any output after running source
  • It silently sets up your environment

View setup.txt

Examining GotCloud Align Input Files

Examining Raw Sequence Reads : FASTQs

FASTQ : standard file format provided to you by those who did the sequencing.

For more information on the FASTQ format, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTQ_format

For this tutorial, we will use FASTQs for 4 1000 Genome samples

• Subset of FASTQs - should map to chromosome 22 36000000-37000000

ls ${IN}/fastq/

There are 24 fastq files: combination of single-end & paired-end.

Can you tell which files are single-end and which are paired-end?

View answer:
• Paired-end files have a _1.fastq or _2.fastq extension
• This convention isn't mandatory, but something similar is common

Look at a couple of FASTQs:

less -S ${IN}/fastq/HG00551.SRR190851_1.fastq

less is a Linux command that allows you to look at a file.

• -S option prevents line wrap
• Use the arrow (up/down/left/right) keys to scroll through the file
• Use the space bar to jump down a page

Use 'q' to exit out of less

q

Do you remember the parts of a FASTQ?

No, remind me:

Look at the paired read:

less -S ${IN}/fastq/HG00551.SRR190851_2.fastq 

Remember, use 'q' to exit out of less

q

Do you notice something in common?

View answer:
• Paired-end reads have matching read names with a different extensions
• This convention isn't mandatory, but something similar is common

Reference Files

Reference files can be downloaded with GotCloud or from other sources

• See GotCloud: Genetic Reference and Resource Files for more information on downloading/generating reference files

For alignment, you need:

1. Reference genome FASTA file
   • Contains the reference base for each position of each chromosome
   • Additional information on the FASTA format: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA_format
2. VCF (variant call format) files with chromosomes/positions
   • dbsnp - used to skip known variants when recalibrating
   • hapmap - used for sample contamination/sample swap validation

Take a look at the chromosome 22 reference files included for this tutorial:

ls ${REF}

View Screenshot

Let's read the reference FASTA file (all reference bases for the chromosome):

less ${REF}/human.g1k.v37.chr22.fa

Remember, use 'q' to exit out of less

q

Where is the reference sequence?

Answer:
• The ends of a chromosome are 'N' - unknown bases
• Let's look at 5 lines of the file starting at line 300,000
tail -n+300000 ${REF}/human.g1k.v37.chr22.fa |head -n 5

GotCloud FASTQ Index File

The FASTQ index file is created by you to tell GotCloud about each of your FASTQ files:

• Where to find it
• Sample name
  • Each sample can have multiple FASTQs
  • Each FASTQ is for a single sample
• Run identifier
  • For recalibration we need to know which reads were in the same run.

FASTQ Index Format:

• Tab delimited
• Starts with a header line
• One line per single-end read
• One line per paired-end read (only 1 line per pair).

Let's look a look at the index file I prepared for this tutorial:

less -S ${IN}/align.index 

Remember, use 'q' to exit out of less

q

Which samples had multiple runs?

Need a reminder of the format?



• Note: in the screenshots, the fields are shifted into clear columns to make it easier to read
• When you view the file, the fields will not line up in neat columns and it can be hard to read
Hard to read the index? Need a hint?
• Use cut to extract just the MERGE_NAME & RGID fields
cut -f 1,4 ${IN}/align.index
Answer:
• HG00553 & HG00640
• They have multiple unique values in the RGID field

How do you point GotCloud to your index file?

• Command-line --index_file option

or

• Configuration file INDEX_FILE setting.

The command-line setting takes precedence over the configuration file setting.

GotCloud Configuration File

This file is created by you to configure GotCloud for your data.

• Default values are provided in ${GC}/bin/gotcloudDefaults.conf
  • Most values should be left as the defaults
• Specify values in your configuration file as:

KEY = value

• Use $(KEY) to refer to another key's value
• If a KEY is specified twice, the later value is used
• Does not have access to environment variables
• '#' indicates a comment

Let's look at the configuration file I created for this test:

more ${IN}/gotcloud.conf

Use the space bar to advance if the whole file isn't displayed.

If your input and references are at different paths than specified, what would you change?

Answer:
• You would change IN_DIR & REF_DIR to the new paths

Run GotCloud Align

Now that we have all of our input files, we need just a simple command to run them

${GC}/gotcloud align --conf ${IN}/gotcloud.conf --numcs 2

• --numcs means to run 2 samples at a time.
  • How many you can run concurrently depends on your system

This should take 1-3 minutes to run.

It should end with a line like: Processing finished in 133 secs with no errors reported

If you cancelled GotCloud part way through, just rerun your GotCloud command and it will pick up where it left off.

Examining GotCloud Align Output

Let's look at the output directory:

ls ${OUT}

Quality Control Files

Let's take a look at our quality control output directory:

ls ${OUT}/QCFiles 

Sample Contamination/Swap

Check for sample contamination:

• *.selfSM : Main output file containing the contamination estimate.
  • Check the 'FREEMIX' column for genotype-free estimate of contamination
    • • 0-1 scale, the lower, the better
      • If [FREEMIX] >= 0.03 and [FREELK1]-[FREELK0] is large, possible contamination
  • See VerifyBamID: A guideline to interpret output files for more information

less -S ${OUT}/QCFiles/HG00551.genoCheck.selfSM

Remember, use 'q' to exit out of less

q

Is there evidence of sample contamination?

Answer:

• No, FREEMIX = 0.00000 (<0.03)

QC Metrics

See: QPLOT: Diagnose sequencing quality for more info on how to use QPLOT results.

Let's look at some quality control metrics:

cat ${OUT}/QCFiles/HG00551.qplot.stats

What is the mapping rate & average coverage for HG00551?

Answer

• 98.93% Mapped
• 7.43 MeanDepth

Generate a pdf of quality metrics:

Rscript ${OUT}/QCFiles/HG00551.qplot.R

Examine the PDF:

evince  ${OUT}/QCFiles/HG00551.qplot.pdf&

It is ok if you see a warning message when opening evince. It should still open. If not, let me know. To close evince, just close the pdf window.

Does the Empirical vs reported Phred score look as good as we would like?

Answer

• No, it is well above the line
• This is due to the small region used for recalibration

• Look at the PDF I produced when I ran the whole genome:
evince ${IN}/example/HG00551.wg.qplot.pdf&

BAM Files

Binary Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) Format

• Maps reads to Chromosome/Position
• For a detailed explanation of the SAM/BAM format, see:
  • SAM/BAM Spec: http://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf
  • Additional information I put together as I started working with SAM/BAM: SAM

Let's look at the BAMs (aligned reads that are ready for variant calling):

ls ${OUT}/bams

Let's examine at the first 5 lines of the BAM file using samtools view:

${GC}/bin/samtools view -h ${OUT}/bams/HG00551.recal.bam|head -n 5

What are the chromosome and position of the first record in the BAM file?

Need a reminder of the format?



Answer

• Chr 22, Pos: 16114122

Accessing BAMs by Position

BAM's are so big, what if we want to see a position part way through the file?

• samtools has an option for that.

Add a region to the view command we used above. Let's find all reads that overlap positions 36907000-36907005:

${GC}/bin/samtools view -h ${OUT}/bams/HG00551.recal.bam 22:36907000-36907005

• Just a few reads.

Let's visualize what reads in that area look like using samtools tview:

${GC}/bin/samtools tview ${OUT}/bams/HG00551.recal.bam ${REF}/human.g1k.v37.chr22.fa

• Type ‘g’
  • Type 22:36907000
• Type ‘n’ to color by nucleotide
• Use the arrow keys to move around and look at the area.

Understanding the syntax:

• '.' : match to the reference on the forward strand
• ',' : match to the reference on the reverse strand
• ACGTN : mismatch to reference on the forward strand
• acgtn : mismatch to reference on the reverse strand

Do you see anything interesting?

Screenshot

• We will have to remember this region when we run snpcall to see what it says.

Other tview commands:

• Type '?' for a help screen
• Type 'q' to quit tview

Feel free to play around more and browse the BAM files.

Other tools for BAMs

We have developed a lot of tools that operate on BAM files.

See Software: BamUtil Tools for a list

• Many operations:
  • diff : diff 2 BAM files
  • stats: per positions statistics
  • bam2Fastq : convert a BAM back to a FASTQ (how I created the fastqs for this tutorial)
  • Lots of others
• Feel free to try some out
• If you have any questions, let me know, I wrote most of them and am happy to help.

Logging Off

To logout of seqshop-server, type:

exit

And close the windows.

When done, log out of the Windows machine.